This is ../../info/dbus, produced by makeinfo version 4.11 from dbus.texi. Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU and promoting software freedom." INFO-DIR-SECTION Emacs START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * D-Bus: (dbus). Using D-Bus in Emacs. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY  File: dbus, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) D-Bus integration in Emacs ************************** This manual documents an API for usage of D-Bus in Emacs. D-Bus is a message bus system, a simple way for applications to talk to one another. An overview of D-Bus can be found at `http://dbus.freedesktop.org/'. Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU and promoting software freedom." * Menu: * Overview:: An overview of D-Bus. * Inspection:: Inspection of D-Bus services. * Type Conversion:: Mapping Lisp types and D-Bus types. * Synchronous Methods:: Calling methods in a blocking way. * Asynchronous Methods:: Calling methods non-blocking. * Receiving Method Calls:: Offering own methods. * Signals:: Sending and receiving signals. * Errors and Events:: Errors and events. * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.  File: dbus, Node: Overview, Next: Inspection, Prev: Top, Up: Top 1 An overview of D-Bus ********************** D-Bus is an inter-process communication mechanism for applications residing on the same host. The communication is based on "messages". Data in the messages is carried in a structured way, it is not just a byte stream. The communication is connection oriented to two kinds of message buses: a so called "system bus", and a "session bus". On a given machine, there is always one single system bus for miscellaneous system-wide communication, like changing of hardware configuration. On the other hand, the session bus is always related to a single user's session. Every client application, which is connected to a bus, registers under a "unique name" at the bus. This name is used for identifying the client application. Such a unique name starts always with a colon, and looks like `:1.42'. Additionally, a client application can register itself to a so called "known name", which is a series of identifiers separated by dots, as in `org.gnu.Emacs'. If several applications register to the same known name, these registrations are queued, and only the first application which has registered for the known name is reachable via this name. If this application disconnects from the bus, the next queued unique name becomes the owner of this known name. An application can install one or several objects under its name. Such objects are identified by an "object path", which looks similar to paths in a filesystem. An example of such an object path could be `/org/gnu/Emacs/'. Applications might send a request to an object, that means sending a message with some data as input parameters, and receiving a message from that object with the result of this message, the output parameters. Such a request is called "method" in D-Bus. The other form of communication are "signals". The underlying message is emitted from an object and will be received by all other applications which have registered for such a signal. All methods and signals an object supports are called "interface" of the object. Interfaces are specified under a hierarchical name in D-Bus; an object can support several interfaces. Such an interface name could be `org.gnu.Emacs.TextEditor' or `org.gnu.Emacs.FileManager'.  File: dbus, Node: Inspection, Next: Type Conversion, Prev: Overview, Up: Top 2 Inspection of D-Bus services. ******************************* * Menu: * Bus names:: Discovering D-Bus names. * Introspection:: Knowing the details of D-Bus services. * Nodes and Interfaces:: Detecting object paths and interfaces. * Methods and Signal:: Applying the functionality. * Properties and Annotations:: What else to know about interfaces. * Arguments and Signatures:: The final details.  File: dbus, Node: Bus names, Next: Introspection, Up: Inspection 2.1 Bus names. ============== There are several basic functions which inspect the buses for registered names. Internally they use the basic interface `org.freedesktop.DBus', which is supported by all objects of a bus. -- Function: dbus-list-activatable-names This function returns the D-Bus service names, which can be activated. An activatable service is described in a service registration file. Under GNU/Linux, such files are located at `/usr/share/dbus-1/services/'. The result is a list of strings, which is `nil' when there are no activatable service names at all. -- Function: dbus-list-names bus All service names, which are registered at D-Bus BUS, are returned. The result is a list of strings, which is `nil' when there are no registered service names at all. Well known names are strings like `org.freedesktop.DBus'. Names starting with `:' are unique names for services. BUS must be either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. -- Function: dbus-list-known-names bus Retrieves all services which correspond to a known name in BUS. A service has a known name if it doesn't start with `:'. The result is a list of strings, which is `nil' when there are no known names at all. BUS must be either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. -- Function: dbus-list-queued-owners bus service For a given service, registered at D-Bus BUS under the name SERVICE, all queued unique names are returned. The result is a list of strings, or `nil' when there are no queued names for SERVICE at all. BUS must be either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. SERVICE must be a known service name as string. -- Function: dbus-get-name-owner bus service For a given service, registered at D-Bus BUS under the name SERVICE, the unique name of the name owner is returned. The result is a string, or `nil' when there exist no name owner of SERVICE. BUS must be either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. SERVICE must be a known service name as string. -- Function: dbus-ping bus service &optional timeout Check whether the service name SERVICE is registered at D-Bus BUS. SERVICE might not have been started yet, it is autostarted if possible. The result is either `t' or `nil'. BUS must be either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. SERVICE must be a string. TIMEOUT, a nonnegative integer, specifies the maximum number of milliseconds `dbus-ping' must return. The default value is 25,000. Example: (message "%s screensaver on board." (cond ((dbus-ping :session "org.gnome.ScreenSaver" 100) "Gnome") ((dbus-ping :session "org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver" 100) "KDE") (t "No"))) If it shall be checked whether SERVICE is already running without autostarting it, one shall apply (member service (dbus-list-known-names bus)) -- Function: dbus-get-unique-name bus The unique name, under which Emacs is registered at D-Bus BUS, is returned as string. BUS must be either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'.  File: dbus, Node: Introspection, Next: Nodes and Interfaces, Prev: Bus names, Up: Inspection 2.2 Knowing the details of D-Bus services. ========================================== D-Bus services publish their interfaces. This can be retrieved and analyzed during runtime, in order to understand the used implementation. The resulting introspection data are in XML format. The root introspection element is always a `node' element. It might have a `name' attribute, which denotes the (absolute) object path an interface is introspected. The root `node' element may have `node' and `interface' children. A child `node' element must have a `name' attribute, this case it is the relative object path to the root `node' element. An `interface' element has just one attribute, `name', which is the full name of that interface. The default interface `org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable' is always present. Example: ... ... ... ... Children of an `interface' element can be `method', `signal' and `property' elements. A `method' element stands for a D-Bus method of the surrounding interface. The element itself has a `name' attribute, showing the method name. Children elements `arg' stand for the arguments of a method. Example: `arg' elements can have the attributes `name', `type' and `direction'. The `name' attribute is optional. The `type' attribute stands for the "signature" of the argument in D-Bus. For a discussion of D-Bus types and their Lisp representation see *note Type Conversion::.(1) The `direction' attribute of an `arg' element can be only `in' or `out'; in case it is omitted, it defaults to `in'. A `signal' element of an `interface' has a similar structure. The `direction' attribute of an `arg' child element can be only `out' here; which is also the default value. Example: A `property' element has no `arg' child element. It just has the attributes `name', `type' and `access', which are all mandatory. The `access' attribute allows the values `readwrite', `read', and `write'. Example: `annotation' elements can be children of `interface', `method', `signal', and `property' elements. Unlike properties, which can change their values during lifetime of a D-Bus object, annotations are static. Often they are used for code generators of D-Bus langugae bindings. Example: Annotations have just `name' and `value' attributes, both must be strings. -- Function: dbus-introspect bus service path This function returns all interfaces and sub-nodes of SERVICE, registered at object path PATH at bus BUS. BUS must be either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. SERVICE must be a known service name, and PATH must be a valid object path. The last two parameters are strings. The result, the introspection data, is a string in XML format. Example: (dbus-introspect :system "org.freedesktop.Hal" "/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer") => " ... ... " This example informs us, that the service `org.freedesktop.Hal' at object path `/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer' offers the interface `org.freedesktop.Hal.Device' (and 2 other interfaces not documented here). This interface contains the method `GetAllProperties', which needs no input parameters, but returns as output parameter an array of dictionary entries (key-value pairs). Every dictionary entry has a string as key, and a variant as value. The interface offers also a signal, which returns 2 parameters: an integer, and an array consisting of elements which are a struct of a string and 2 boolean values.(2) -- Function: dbus-introspect-xml bus service path This function has the same intention as function `dbus-introspect'. The returned value is a parsed XML tree, which can be used for further analysis. Example: (dbus-introspect-xml :session "org.freedesktop.xesam.searcher" "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main") => (node ((name . "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main")) (interface ((name . "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search")) (method ((name . "GetHitData")) (arg ((name . "search") (type . "s") (direction . "in"))) (arg ((name . "hit_ids") (type . "au") (direction . "in"))) (arg ((name . "fields") (type . "as") (direction . "in"))) (arg ((name . "hit_data") (type . "aav") (direction . "out"))) ) ... (signal ((name . "HitsAdded")) (arg ((name . "search") (type . "s"))) (arg ((name . "count") (type . "u"))) ) ) ... ) -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-attribute object attribute It returns the ATTRIBUTE value of a D-Bus introspection OBJECT. OBJECT can be every subtree of a parsed XML tree as retrieved with `dbus-introspect-xml'. ATTRIBUTE must be a string according to the attribute names in the D-Bus specification. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-attribute (dbus-introspect-xml :system "org.freedesktop.SystemToolsBackends" "/org/freedesktop/SystemToolsBackends/UsersConfig") "name") => "/org/freedesktop/SystemToolsBackends/UsersConfig" If OBJECT has no ATTRIBUTE, the function returns nil. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) D-Bus signatures are explained in the D-Bus specification `http://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-specification.html#message-protocol-signatures'. (2) The interfaces of the service `org.freedesktop.Hal' are described at `http://people.freedesktop.org/~david/hal-spec/hal-spec.html#interfaces'.  File: dbus, Node: Nodes and Interfaces, Next: Methods and Signal, Prev: Introspection, Up: Inspection 2.3 Detecting object paths and interfaces. ========================================== The first elements, to be introspected for a D-Bus object, are further object paths and interfaces. -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-node-names bus service path All node names of SERVICE in D-Bus BUS at object path PATH are returned as list of strings. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-node-names :session "org.gnome.seahorse" "/org/gnome/seahorse") => ("crypto" "keys") The node names stand for further object paths of the D-Bus SERVICE, relative to PATH. In the example, `/org/gnome/seahorse/crypto' and `/org/gnome/seahorse/keys' are also object paths of the D-Bus service `org.gnome.seahorse'. -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-all-nodes bus service path This function returns all node names of SERVICE in D-Bus BUS at object path PATH. It returns a list of strings with all object paths of SERVICE, starting at PATH. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-all-nodes :session "org.gnome.seahorse" "/") => ("/" "/org" "/org/gnome" "/org/gnome/seahorse" "/org/gnome/seahorse/crypto" "/org/gnome/seahorse/keys" "/org/gnome/seahorse/keys/openpgp" "/org/gnome/seahorse/keys/openpgp/local" "/org/gnome/seahorse/keys/openssh" "/org/gnome/seahorse/keys/openssh/local") -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-interface-names bus service path There will be returned a list strings of all interface names of SERVICE in D-Bus BUS at object path PATH. This list will contain the default interface `org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable'. Another default interface is `org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties'. If present, `interface' elements can also have `property' children. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-interface-names :system "org.freedesktop.Hal" "/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer") => ("org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable" "org.freedesktop.Hal.Device" "org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement" "org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.CPUFreq") -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-interface bus service path interface Return INTERFACE of SERVICE in D-Bus BUS at object path PATH. The return value is an XML element. INTERFACE must be a string, element of the list returned by `dbus-introspect-get-interface-names'. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-interface :session "org.freedesktop.xesam.searcher" "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main" "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search") => (interface ((name . "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search")) (method ((name . "GetHitData")) (arg ((name . "search") (type . "s") (direction . "in"))) (arg ((name . "hit_ids") (type . "au") (direction . "in"))) (arg ((name . "fields") (type . "as") (direction . "in"))) (arg ((name . "hit_data") (type . "aav") (direction . "out"))) ) ... (signal ((name . "HitsAdded")) (arg ((name . "search") (type . "s"))) (arg ((name . "count") (type . "u"))) ) ) With these functions, it is possible to retrieve all introspection data from a running system: (with-current-buffer (switch-to-buffer "*introspect*") (erase-buffer) (dolist (service (dbus-list-known-names :session)) (dolist (path (dbus-introspect-get-all-nodes :session service "/")) ;; We want to introspect only elements, which have more than ;; the default interface "org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable". (when (delete "org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable" (dbus-introspect-get-interface-names :session service path)) (insert (message "\nservice: \"%s\" path: \"%s\"\n" service path) (dbus-introspect :session service path)) (redisplay t)))))  File: dbus, Node: Methods and Signal, Next: Properties and Annotations, Prev: Nodes and Interfaces, Up: Inspection 2.4 Applying the functionality. =============================== Methods and signals are the communicatione means to D-Bus. The following functions return their specifications. -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-method-names bus service path interface Return a list of strings of all method names of INTERFACE of SERVICE in D-Bus BUS at object path PATH. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-method-names :session "org.freedesktop.xesam.searcher" "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main" "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search") => ("GetState" "StartSearch" "GetHitCount" "GetHits" "NewSession" "CloseSession" "GetHitData" "SetProperty" "NewSearch" "GetProperty" "CloseSearch") -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-method bus service path interface method This function returns METHOD of INTERFACE as XML element. It must be located at SERVICE in D-Bus BUS at object path PATH. METHOD must be a string, element of the list returned by `dbus-introspect-get-method-names'. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-method :session "org.freedesktop.xesam.searcher" "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main" "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search" "GetHitData") => (method ((name . "GetHitData")) (arg ((name . "search") (type . "s") (direction . "in"))) (arg ((name . "hit_ids") (type . "au") (direction . "in"))) (arg ((name . "fields") (type . "as") (direction . "in"))) (arg ((name . "hit_data") (type . "aav") (direction . "out"))) ) -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-signal-names bus service path interface Return a list of strings of all signal names of INTERFACE of SERVICE in D-Bus BUS at object path PATH. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-signal-names :session "org.freedesktop.xesam.searcher" "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main" "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search") => ("StateChanged" "SearchDone" "HitsModified" "HitsRemoved" "HitsAdded") -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-signal bus service path interface signal This function returns SIGNAL of INTERFACE as XML element. It must be located at SERVICE in D-Bus BUS at object path PATH. SIGNAL must be a string, element of the list returned by `dbus-introspect-get-signal-names'. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-signal :session "org.freedesktop.xesam.searcher" "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main" "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search" "HitsAdded") => (signal ((name . "HitsAdded")) (arg ((name . "search") (type . "s"))) (arg ((name . "count") (type . "u"))) )  File: dbus, Node: Properties and Annotations, Next: Arguments and Signatures, Prev: Methods and Signal, Up: Inspection 2.5 What else to know about interfaces. ======================================= Interfaces can have properties. These can be exposed via the `org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties' interface(1). That is, properties can be retrieved and changed during lifetime of an element. Annotations, on the other hand, are static values for an element. Often, they are used to instruct generators, how to generate code from the interface for a given language binding. -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-property-names bus service path interface Return a list of strings with all property names of INTERFACE of SERVICE in D-Bus BUS at object path PATH. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-property-names :session "org.kde.kded" "/modules/networkstatus" "org.kde.Solid.Networking.Client") => ("Status") If an interface declares properties, the corresponding element supports also the `org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties' interface. -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-property bus service path interface property This function returns PROPERTY of INTERFACE as XML element. It must be located at SERVICE in D-Bus BUS at object path PATH. PROPERTY must be a string, element of the list returned by `dbus-introspect-get-property-names'. A PROPERTY value can be retrieved by the function `dbus-introspect-get-attribute'. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-property :session "org.kde.kded" "/modules/networkstatus" "org.kde.Solid.Networking.Client" "Status") => (property ((access . "read") (type . "u") (name . "Status"))) (dbus-introspect-get-attribute (dbus-introspect-get-property :session "org.kde.kded" "/modules/networkstatus" "org.kde.Solid.Networking.Client" "Status") "access") => "read" -- Function: dbus-get-property bus service path interface property This function returns the value of PROPERTY of INTERFACE. It will be checked at BUS, SERVICE, PATH. The result can be any valid D-Bus value, or nil if there is no PROPERTY. Example: (dbus-get-property :session "org.kde.kded" "/modules/networkstatus" "org.kde.Solid.Networking.Client" "Status") => 4 -- Function: dbus-set-property bus service path interface property value Set value of PROPERTY of INTERFACE to VALUE. It will be checked at BUS, SERVICE, PATH. When the value has been set successful, the result is VALUE. Otherwise, `nil' is returned. Example: (dbus-set-property :session "org.kde.kaccess" "/MainApplication" "com.trolltech.Qt.QApplication" "doubleClickInterval" 500) => 500 -- Function: dbus-get-all-properties bus service path interface This function returns all properties of INTERFACE. It will be checked at BUS, SERVICE, PATH. The result is a list of cons. Every cons contains the name of the property, and its value. If there are no properties, `nil' is returned. Example: (dbus-get-all-properties :session "org.kde.kaccess" "/MainApplication" "com.trolltech.Qt.QApplication") => (("cursorFlashTime" . 1000) ("doubleClickInterval" . 500) ("keyboardInputInterval" . 400) ("wheelScrollLines" . 3) ("globalStrut" 0 0) ("startDragTime" . 500) ("startDragDistance" . 4) ("quitOnLastWindowClosed" . t) ("styleSheet" . "")) -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-annotation-names bus service path interface &optional name Return a list of all annotation names as list of strings. If NAME is `nil', the annotations are children of INTERFACE, otherwise NAME must be a `method', `signal', or `property' XML element, where the annotations belong to. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-annotation-names :session "de.berlios.Pinot" "/de/berlios/Pinot" "de.berlios.Pinot" "GetStatistics") => ("de.berlios.Pinot.GetStatistics") Default annotation names(2) are `org.freedesktop.DBus.Deprecated' Whether or not the entity is deprecated; defaults to `nil' `org.freedesktop.DBus.GLib.CSymbol' The C symbol; may be used for `methods' and `interfaces' `org.freedesktop.DBus.Method.NoReply' If set, don't expect a reply to the `method' call; defaults to `nil' -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-annotation bus service path interface name annotation Return annotation ANNOTATION as XML object. If NAME is `nil', ANNOTATION is a child of INTERFACE, otherwise NAME must be the name of a `method', `signal', or `property' XML element, where the ANNOTATION belongs to. An attribute value can be retrieved by `dbus-introspect-get-attribute'. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-annotation :session "de.berlios.Pinot" "/de/berlios/Pinot" "de.berlios.Pinot" "GetStatistics" "de.berlios.Pinot.GetStatistics") => (annotation ((name . "de.berlios.Pinot.GetStatistics") (value . "pinotDBus"))) (dbus-introspect-get-attribute (dbus-introspect-get-annotation :session "de.berlios.Pinot" "/de/berlios/Pinot" "de.berlios.Pinot" "GetStatistics" "de.berlios.Pinot.GetStatistics") "value") => "pinotDBus" ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) See `http://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-specification.html#standard-interfaces-properties' (2) See `http://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-specification.html#introspection-format'  File: dbus, Node: Arguments and Signatures, Prev: Properties and Annotations, Up: Inspection 2.6 The final details. ====================== Methods and signals have arguments. They are described in the `arg' XML elements. -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-argument-names bus service path interface name Return a list of all argument names as list of strings. NAME must be a `method' or `signal' XML element. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-argument-names :session "org.freedesktop.xesam.searcher" "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main" "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search" "GetHitData") => ("search" "hit_ids" "fields" "hit_data") Argument names are optional; the function can return `nil' therefore, even if the method or signal has arguments. -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-argument bus service path interface name arg Return argument ARG as XML object. NAME must be a `method' or `signal' XML element. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-argument :session "org.freedesktop.xesam.searcher" "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main" "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search" "GetHitData" "search") => (arg ((name . "search") (type . "s") (direction . "in"))) -- Function: dbus-introspect-get-signature bus service path interface name &optional direction Return signature of a `method' or `signal', represented by NAME, as string. If NAME is a `method', DIRECTION can be either `in' or `out'. If DIRECTION is `nil', `in' is assumed. If NAME is a `signal', and DIRECTION is non-`nil', DIRECTION must be `out'. Example: (dbus-introspect-get-signature :session "org.freedesktop.xesam.searcher" "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main" "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search" "GetHitData" "in") => "sauas" (dbus-introspect-get-signature :session "org.freedesktop.xesam.searcher" "/org/freedesktop/xesam/searcher/main" "org.freedesktop.xesam.Search" "HitsAdded") => "su"  File: dbus, Node: Type Conversion, Next: Synchronous Methods, Prev: Inspection, Up: Top 3 Mapping Lisp types and D-Bus types. ************************************* D-Bus method calls and signals accept usually several arguments as parameters, either as input parameter, or as output parameter. Every argument belongs to a D-Bus type. Such arguments must be mapped between the value encoded as a D-Bus type, and the corresponding type of Lisp objects. The mapping is applied Lisp object ==> D-Bus type for input parameters, and D-Bus type ==> Lisp object for output parameters. 3.1 Input parameters. ===================== Input parameters for D-Bus methods and signals occur as arguments of a Lisp function call. The following mapping to D-Bus types is applied, when the corresponding D-Bus message is created: Lisp type D-Bus type `t' and `nil' ==> DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN number ==> DBUS_TYPE_UINT32 integer ==> DBUS_TYPE_INT32 float ==> DBUS_TYPE_DOUBLE string ==> DBUS_TYPE_STRING list ==> DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY Other Lisp objects, like symbols or hash tables, are not accepted as input parameter. If it is necessary to use another D-Bus type, a corresponding type symbol can be preceeded to the corresponding Lisp object. Basic D-Bus types are represented by the type symbols `:byte', `:boolean', `:int16', `:uint16', `:int32', `:uint32', `:int64', `:uint64', `:double', `:string', `:object-path' and `:signature'. Example: (dbus-call-method ... NUMBER STRING) is equivalent to (dbus-call-method ... :uint32 NUMBER :string STRING) but different to (dbus-call-method ... :int32 NUMBER :signature STRING) The value for a byte D-Bus type can be any integer in the range 0 through 255. If a character is used as argument, modifiers represented outside this range are stripped of. For example, `:byte ?x' is equal to `:byte ?\M-x', but it is not equal to `:byte ?\C-x' or `:byte ?\M-\C-x'. A D-Bus compound type is always represented as a list. The CAR of this list can be the type symbol `:array', `:variant', `:struct' or `:dict-entry', which would result in a corresponding D-Bus container. `:array' is optional, because this is the default compound D-Bus type for a list. The objects being elements of the list are checked according to the D-Bus compound type rules. * An array must contain only elements of the same D-Bus type. It can be empty. * A variant must contain only one single element. * A dictionary entry must be element of an array, and it must contain only a key-value pair of two elements, with a basic D-Bus type key. * There is no restriction for structs. If an empty array needs an element D-Bus type other than string, it can contain exactly one element of D-Bus type `:signature'. The value of this element (a string) is used as the signature of the elements of this array. Example: (dbus-call-method :session "org.freedesktop.Notifications" "/org/freedesktop/Notifications" "org.freedesktop.Notifications" "Notify" "GNU Emacs" ;; Application name. 0 ;; No replacement of other notifications. "" ;; No icon. "Notification summary" ;; Summary. (format ;; Body. "This is a test notification, raised from %s" (emacs-version)) '(:array) ;; No actions (empty array of strings). '(:array :signature "{sv}") ;; No hints ;; (empty array of dictionary entries). :int32 -1) ;; Default timeout. => 3 -- Function: dbus-string-to-byte-array string Sometimes, D-Bus methods require as input parameter an array of bytes, instead of a string. If it is guaranteed, that STRING is an UTF8 string, this function performs the conversion. Example: (dbus-string-to-byte-array "/etc/hosts") => (:array :byte 47 :byte 101 :byte 116 :byte 99 :byte 47 :byte 104 :byte 111 :byte 115 :byte 116 :byte 115) -- Function: dbus-escape-as-identifier string Escape an arbitrary STRING so it follows the rules for a C identifier. The escaped string can be used as object path component, interface element component, bus name component or member name in D-Bus. The escaping consists of replacing all non-alphanumerics, and the first character if it's a digit, with an underscore and two lower-case hex digits. As a special case, "" is escaped to "_". Example: (dbus-escape-as-identifier "0123abc_xyz\x01\xff") => "_30123abc_5fxyz_01_ff" 3.2 Output parameters. ====================== Output parameters of D-Bus methods and signals are mapped to Lisp objects. D-Bus type Lisp type DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN ==> `t' or `nil' DBUS_TYPE_BYTE ==> number DBUS_TYPE_UINT16 ==> number DBUS_TYPE_INT16 ==> number DBUS_TYPE_UINT32 ==> number or float DBUS_TYPE_INT32 ==> number or float DBUS_TYPE_UINT64 ==> number or float DBUS_TYPE_INT64 ==> number or float DBUS_TYPE_DOUBLE ==> float DBUS_TYPE_STRING ==> string DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH ==> string DBUS_TYPE_SIGNATURE ==> string DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY ==> list DBUS_TYPE_VARIANT ==> list DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT ==> list DBUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY ==> list A float object in case of `DBUS_TYPE_UINT32', `DBUS_TYPE_INT32', `DBUS_TYPE_UINT64' and `DBUS_TYPE_INT6432' is returned, when the C value exceeds the Emacs number size range. The resulting list of the last 4 D-Bus compound types contains as elements the elements of the D-Bus container, mapped according to the same rules. The signal `PropertyModified', discussed as example in *note Inspection::, would offer as Lisp data the following object (BOOL stands here for either `nil' or `t'): (NUMBER ((STRING BOOL BOOL) (STRING BOOL BOOL) ...)) -- Function: dbus-byte-array-to-string byte-array If a D-Bus method or signal returns an array of bytes, which are known to represent an UTF8 string, this function converts BYTE-ARRAY to the corresponding string. Example: (dbus-byte-array-to-string '(47 101 116 99 47 104 111 115 116 115)) => "/etc/hosts" -- Function: dbus-unescape-from-identifier string Retrieve the original string from the encoded STRING. STRING must have been coded with `dbus-escape-as-identifier'. Example: (dbus-unescape-from-identifier "_30123abc_5fxyz_01_ff") => "0123abc_xyz^Aÿ"  File: dbus, Node: Synchronous Methods, Next: Asynchronous Methods, Prev: Type Conversion, Up: Top 4 Calling methods in a blocking way. ************************************ Methods can be called synchronously ("blocking") or asynchronously ("non-blocking"). At D-Bus level, a method call consist of two messages: one message which carries the input parameters to the object owning the method to be called, and a reply message returning the resulting output parameters from the object. -- Function: dbus-call-method bus service path interface method &optional :timeout timeout &rest args This function calls METHOD on the D-Bus BUS. BUS is either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. SERVICE is the D-Bus service name to be used. PATH is the D-Bus object path, SERVICE is registered at. INTERFACE is an interface offered by SERVICE. It must provide METHOD. If the parameter `:timeout' is given, the following integer TIMEOUT specifies the maximum number of milliseconds the method call must return. The default value is 25,000. If the method call doesn't return in time, a D-Bus error is raised (*note Errors and Events::). All other arguments args are passed to METHOD as arguments. They are converted into D-Bus types as described in *note Type Conversion::. The function returns the resulting values of METHOD as a list of Lisp objects, according to the type conversion rules described in *note Type Conversion::. Example: (dbus-call-method :session "org.gnome.seahorse" "/org/gnome/seahorse/keys/openpgp" "org.gnome.seahorse.Keys" "GetKeyField" "openpgp:657984B8C7A966DD" "simple-name") => (t ("Philip R. Zimmermann")) If the result of the method call is just one value, the converted Lisp object is returned instead of a list containing this single Lisp object. Example: (dbus-call-method :system "org.freedesktop.Hal" "/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer" "org.freedesktop.Hal.Device" "GetPropertyString" "system.kernel.machine") => "i686" With the `dbus-introspect' function it is possible to explore the interfaces of `org.freedesktop.Hal' service. It offers the interfaces `org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager' for the object at the path `/org/freedesktop/Hal/Manager' as well as the interface `org.freedesktop.Hal.Device' for all objects prefixed with the path `/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices'. With the methods `GetAllDevices' and `GetAllProperties', it is simple to emulate the `lshal' command on GNU/Linux systems: (dolist (device (dbus-call-method :system "org.freedesktop.Hal" "/org/freedesktop/Hal/Manager" "org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager" "GetAllDevices")) (message "\nudi = %s" device) (dolist (properties (dbus-call-method :system "org.freedesktop.Hal" device "org.freedesktop.Hal.Device" "GetAllProperties")) (message " %s = %S" (car properties) (or (caar (cdr properties)) "")))) -| "udi = /org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer info.addons = (\"hald-addon-acpi\") info.bus = \"unknown\" info.product = \"Computer\" info.subsystem = \"unknown\" info.udi = \"/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer\" linux.sysfs_path_device = \"(none)\" power_management.acpi.linux.version = \"20051216\" power_management.can_suspend_to_disk = t power_management.can_suspend_to_ram = \"\" power_management.type = \"acpi\" smbios.bios.release_date = \"11/07/2001\" system.chassis.manufacturer = \"COMPAL\" system.chassis.type = \"Notebook\" system.firmware.release_date = \"03/19/2005\" ..." -- Function: dbus-call-method-non-blocking bus service path interface method &optional :timeout timeout &rest args Call METHOD on the D-Bus BUS, but don't block the event queue. This is necessary for communicating to registered D-Bus methods, which are running in the same Emacs process. The arguments are the same as in `dbus-call-method'. Example: (dbus-call-method-non-blocking :system "org.freedesktop.Hal" "/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer" "org.freedesktop.Hal.Device" "GetPropertyString" "system.kernel.machine") => "i686"  File: dbus, Node: Asynchronous Methods, Next: Receiving Method Calls, Prev: Synchronous Methods, Up: Top 5 Calling methods non-blocking. ******************************* -- Function: dbus-call-method-asynchronously bus service path interface method handler &optional :timeout timeout &rest args This function calls METHOD on the D-Bus BUS asynchronously. BUS is either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. SERVICE is the D-Bus service name to be used. PATH is the D-Bus object path, SERVICE is registered at. INTERFACE is an interface offered by SERVICE. It must provide METHOD. HANDLER is a Lisp function, which is called when the corresponding return message has arrived. If HANDLER is `nil', no return message will be expected. If the parameter `:timeout' is given, the following integer TIMEOUT specifies the maximum number of milliseconds a reply message must arrive. The default value is 25,000. If there is no reply message in time, a D-Bus error is raised (*note Errors and Events::). All other arguments args are passed to METHOD as arguments. They are converted into D-Bus types as described in *note Type Conversion::. Unless HANDLER is `nil', the function returns a key into the hash table `dbus-registered-objects-table'. The corresponding entry in the hash table is removed, when the return message has been arrived, and HANDLER is called. Example: (dbus-call-method-asynchronously :system "org.freedesktop.Hal" "/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer" "org.freedesktop.Hal.Device" "GetPropertyString" 'message "system.kernel.machine") => (:system 2) -| i686  File: dbus, Node: Receiving Method Calls, Next: Signals, Prev: Asynchronous Methods, Up: Top 6 Offering own methods. *********************** Emacs can also offer own methods, which can be called by other applications. These methods could be an implementation of an interface of a well known service, like `org.freedesktop.TextEditor'. It could be also an implementation of an own interface. In this case, the service name must be `org.gnu.Emacs'. The object path shall begin with `/org/gnu/Emacs/*Application*/', and the interface name shall be `org.gnu.Emacs.*Application*'. `*Application*' is the name of the application which provides the interface. -- Constant: dbus-service-emacs The well known service name of Emacs. -- Constant: dbus-path-emacs The object path head "/org/gnu/Emacs" used by Emacs. All object paths, used by offered methods or signals, shall start with this string. -- Function: dbus-register-method bus service path interface method handler With this function, an application registers METHOD on the D-Bus BUS. BUS is either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. SERVICE is the D-Bus service name of the D-Bus object METHOD is registered for. It must be a known name. PATH is the D-Bus object path SERVICE is registered. INTERFACE is the interface offered by SERVICE. It must provide METHOD. HANDLER is a Lisp function to be called when a METHOD call is received. It must accept as arguments the input arguments of METHOD. HANDLER should return a list, whose elements are to be used as arguments for the reply message of METHOD. This list can be composed like the input parameters in *note Type Conversion::. If HANDLER wants to return just one Lisp object and it is not a cons cell, HANDLER can return this object directly, instead of returning a list containing the object. In case HANDLER shall return a reply message with an empty argument list, HANDLER must return the symbol `:ignore'. The default D-Bus timeout when waiting for a message reply is 25 seconds. This value could be even smaller, depending on the calling client. Therefore, HANDLER shall not last longer than absolutely necessary. `dbus-register-method' returns a Lisp object, which can be used as argument in `dbus-unregister-object' for removing the registration for METHOD. Example: (defun my-dbus-method-handler (filename) (let (result) (if (find-file filename) (setq result '(:boolean t)) (setq result '(:boolean nil))) result)) => my-dbus-method-handler (dbus-register-method :session "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor" "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "OpenFile" 'my-dbus-method-handler) => ((:session "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "OpenFile") ("org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor" my-dbus-method-handler)) If you invoke the method `org.freedesktop.TextEditor.OpenFile' from another D-Bus application with a filename as parameter, the file is opened in Emacs, and the method returns either TRUE or FALSE, indicating the success of the method. As test tool one could use the command line tool `dbus-send' in a shell: # dbus-send --session --print-reply \ --dest="org.freedesktop.TextEditor" \ "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor" \ "org.freedesktop.TextEditor.OpenFile" string:"/etc/hosts" -| method return sender=:1.22 -> dest=:1.23 reply_serial=2 boolean true You can indicate an error by raising the Emacs signal `dbus-error'. The handler above could be changed like this: (defun my-dbus-method-handler (&rest args) (unless (and (= (length args) 1) (stringp (car args))) (signal 'dbus-error (list (format "Wrong argument list: %S" args)))) (condition-case err (find-file (car args)) (error (signal 'dbus-error (cdr err)))) t) => my-dbus-method-handler The test runs then # dbus-send --session --print-reply \ --dest="org.freedesktop.TextEditor" \ "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor" \ "org.freedesktop.TextEditor.OpenFile" \ string:"/etc/hosts" string:"/etc/passwd" -| Error org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.Failed: Wrong argument list: ("/etc/hosts" "/etc/passwd") -- Function: dbus-register-property bus service path interface property access value With this function, an application declares a PROPERTY on the D-Bus BUS. BUS is either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. SERVICE is the D-Bus service name of the D-Bus. It must be a known name. PATH is the D-Bus object path SERVICE is registered. INTERFACE is the name of the interface used at PATH, PROPERTY is the name of the property of INTERFACE. ACCESS indicates, whether the property can be changed by other services via D-Bus. It must be either the symbol `:read' or `:readwrite'. VALUE is the initial value of the property, it can be of any valid type (see `dbus-call-method' for details). If PROPERTY already exists on PATH, it will be overwritten. For properties with access type `:read' this is the only way to change their values. Properties with access type `:readwrite' can be changed by `dbus-set-property'. The interface `org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties' is added to PATH, including a default handler for the `Get', `GetAll' and `Set' methods of this interface. Example: (dbus-register-property :session "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor" "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "name" :read "GNU Emacs") => ((:session "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "name") ("org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor")) (dbus-register-property :session "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor" "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "version" :readwrite emacs-version) => ((:session "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "version") ("org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor")) Other D-Bus applications can read the property via the default methods `org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.Get' and `org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.GetAll'. Testing is also possible via the command line tool `dbus-send' in a shell: # dbus-send --session --print-reply \ --dest="org.freedesktop.TextEditor" \ "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor" \ "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.GetAll" \ string:"org.freedesktop.TextEditor" -| method return sender=:1.22 -> dest=:1.23 reply_serial=3 array [ dict entry( string "name" variant string "GNU Emacs" ) dict entry( string "version" variant string "23.1.50.5" ) ] It is also possible, to apply the `dbus-get-property', `dbus-get-all-properties' and `dbus-set-property' functions (*note Properties and Annotations::). (dbus-set-property :session "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor" "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "version" "23.1.50") => "23.1.50" (dbus-get-property :session "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "/org/freedesktop/TextEditor" "org.freedesktop.TextEditor" "version") => "23.1.50" -- Function: dbus-unregister-object object Unregister OBJECT from the D-Bus. OBJECT must be the result of a preceding `dbus-register-method', `dbus-register-property' or `dbus-register-signal' call (*note Signals::). It returns `t' if OBJECT has been unregistered, `nil' otherwise. When OBJECT identifies the last method or property, which is registered for the respective service, Emacs releases its association to the service from D-Bus. -- Function: dbus-unregister-service bus service Unregister all objects from D-Bus BUS, registered by Emacs for SERVICE. BUS is either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. SERVICE is the D-Bus service name of the D-Bus. It must be a known name. Emacs releases its association to SERVICE from D-Bus.  File: dbus, Node: Signals, Next: Errors and Events, Prev: Receiving Method Calls, Up: Top 7 Sending and receiving signals. ******************************** Signals are broadcast messages. They carry input parameters, which are received by all objects which have registered for such a signal. -- Function: dbus-send-signal bus service path interface signal &rest args This function is similar to `dbus-call-method'. The difference is, that there are no returning output parameters. The function emits SIGNAL on the D-Bus BUS. BUS is either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. It doesn't matter whether another object has registered for SIGNAL. SERVICE is the D-Bus service name of the object the signal is emitted from. PATH is the corresponding D-Bus object path, SERVICE is registered at. INTERFACE is an interface offered by SERVICE. It must provide SIGNAL. All other arguments args are passed to SIGNAL as arguments. They are converted into D-Bus types as described in *note Type Conversion::. Example: (dbus-send-signal :session dbus-service-emacs dbus-path-emacs (concat dbus-service-emacs ".FileManager") "FileModified" "/home/albinus/.emacs") -- Function: dbus-register-signal bus service path interface signal handler &rest args With this function, an application registers for SIGNAL on the D-Bus BUS. BUS is either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. SERVICE is the D-Bus service name used by the sending D-Bus object. It can be either a known name or the unique name of the D-Bus object sending the signal. In case of a unique name, signals won't be received any longer once the object owning this unique name has disappeared, and a new queued object has replaced it. When SERVICE is `nil', related signals from all D-Bus objects shall be accepted. PATH is the corresponding D-Bus object path, SERVICE is registered at. It can also be `nil' if the path name of incoming signals shall not be checked. INTERFACE is an interface offered by SERVICE. It must provide SIGNAL. HANDLER is a Lisp function to be called when the SIGNAL is received. It must accept as arguments the output parameters SIGNAL is sending. All other arguments ARGS, if specified, must be strings. They stand for the respective arguments of SIGNAL in their order, and are used for filtering as well. A `nil' argument might be used to preserve the order. `dbus-register-signal' returns a Lisp object, which can be used as argument in `dbus-unregister-object' for removing the registration for SIGNAL. Example: (defun my-dbus-signal-handler (device) (message "Device %s added" device)) => my-dbus-signal-handler (dbus-register-signal :system "org.freedesktop.Hal" "/org/freedesktop/Hal/Manager" "org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager" "DeviceAdded" 'my-dbus-signal-handler) => ((:system "org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager" "DeviceAdded") ("org.freedesktop.Hal" "/org/freedesktop/Hal/Manager" my-signal-handler)) As we know from the introspection data of interface `org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager', the signal `DeviceAdded' provides one single parameter, which is mapped into a Lisp string. The callback function `my-dbus-signal-handler' must define one single string argument therefore. Plugging an USB device to your machine, when registered for signal `DeviceAdded', will show you which objects the GNU/Linux `hal' daemon adds.  File: dbus, Node: Errors and Events, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Signals, Up: Top 8 Errors and events. ******************** Input parameters of `dbus-call-method', `dbus-call-method-non-blocking', `dbus-call-method-asynchronously', and `dbus-register-signal' are checked for correct D-Bus types. If there is a type mismatch, the Lisp error `wrong-type-argument' `D-Bus ARG' is raised. All errors raised by D-Bus are signaled with the error symbol `dbus-error'. If possible, error messages from D-Bus are appended to the `dbus-error'. -- Special Form: dbus-ignore-errors forms... This executes FORMS exactly like a `progn', except that `dbus-error' errors are ignored during the FORMS. These errors can be made visible when variable `dbus-debug' is set to `t'. Incoming D-Bus messages are handled as Emacs events, see *note Misc Events: (elisp)Misc Events. They are retrieved only, when Emacs runs in interactive mode. The generated event has this form: (dbus-event BUS TYPE SERIAL SERVICE PATH INTERFACE MEMBER HANDLER &rest ARGS) BUS identifies the D-Bus the message is coming from. It is either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. TYPE is the D-Bus message type which has caused the event. It can be `dbus-message-type-invalid', `dbus-message-type-method-call', `dbus-message-type-method-return', `dbus-message-type-error', or `dbus-message-type-signal'. SERIAL is the serial number of the received D-Bus message. SERVICE and PATH are the unique name and the object path of the D-Bus object emitting the message. INTERFACE and MEMBER denote the message which has been sent. HANDLER is the callback function which has been registered for this message (see *note Signals::). When a `dbus-event' event arrives, HANDLER is called with ARGS as arguments. In order to inspect the `dbus-event' data, you could extend the definition of the callback function in *note Signals::: (defun my-dbus-signal-handler (&rest args) (message "my-dbus-signal-handler: %S" last-input-event)) There exist convenience functions which could be called inside a callback function in order to retrieve the information from the event. -- Function: dbus-event-bus-name event Returns the bus name EVENT is coming from. The result is either the symbol `:system' or the symbol `:session'. -- Function: dbus-event-message-type event Returns the message type of the corresponding D-Bus message. The result is a number. -- Function: dbus-event-serial-number event Returns the serial number of the corresponding D-Bus message. The result is a number. -- Function: dbus-event-service-name event Returns the unique name of the D-Bus object EVENT is coming from. -- Function: dbus-event-path-name event Returns the object path of the D-Bus object EVENT is coming from. -- Function: dbus-event-interface-name event Returns the interface name of the D-Bus object EVENT is coming from. -- Function: dbus-event-member-name event Returns the member name of the D-Bus object EVENT is coming from. It is either a signal name or a method name. D-Bus errors are not propagated during event handling, because it is usually not desired. D-Bus errors in events can be made visible by setting the variable `dbus-debug' to `t'. They can also be handled by a hook function. -- Variable: dbus-event-error-hooks This hook variable keeps a list of functions, which are called when a D-Bus error happens in the event handler. Every function must accept two arguments, the event and the error variable catched in `condition-case' by `dbus-error'. Such functions can be used the adapt the error signal to be raised. Example: (defun my-dbus-event-error-handler (event error) (when (string-equal (concat dbus-service-emacs ".FileManager") (dbus-event-interface-name event)) (message "my-dbus-event-error-handler: %S %S" event error) (signal 'file-error (cdr error)))) (add-hook 'dbus-event-error-hooks 'my-dbus-event-error-handler) Hook functions shall take into account, that there might be other D-Bus applications running. Therefore, they shall check carefully, whether a given D-Bus error is related to them.  File: dbus, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Errors and Events, Up: Top Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License ***************************************** Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. 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These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License. 2. VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 4. MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement. C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice. Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. 11. RELICENSING "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization. "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document. An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ==================================================== To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.  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